Bush’s Environment Policy Essay

The bush’s environmental policy basically concentrates mainly on first improving the economic and military condition of the country and then tackling the problem of pollution and environment degradation. The United States of America under bush’s administration is a realist state. For a realist state, international security is one of the main aims. Therefore, his policies are more towards removing hurdles for military development. Plus, resources are scarce, and this is nothing hidden from anyone, and since America largely depends on these resources, Bush’s administrative polices are always up for projects for production of energy. I would not say that his policies are against the environment, they are just not for it. I, being an environmentalist at heart, strongly disagree with the current Bush’s administration policy. If the level of pollution emitted by industries does not go down, we have every reason to worry about our coming generations and our natural habitat. At the international level, environmental issues are what matter the most because if a country like America does not change its policies, it will become the strongest nation of the weakest world. The United States of America is one of the most influential countries globally and its decisions affect almost every other country in the world. The only solution for environmental protection is global governance. This means that a single individual or a single state cannot do anything about this issue if it wanted to. Because it is a universal problem and it affects the entire globe, every state must come together and do something about it. Economic growth and environment protection cannot go hand in hand and often are two aims that have conflicts. This is why every country must make a choice. If the most significant and dominant country does not make the ‘right’ choice of giving priority to environment over economic growth, we cannot expect any other country to cut down on its growth economically. A study carried out recently came to a conclusion, that at present, the United States of America is responsible for most of the pollution caused in the world today. According to a BBC report, it constitutes for 4 percent of the total world population and at the same time, it is responsible for 24 percent of the carbon dioxide emissions given out in the environment. (BBC News, 2002) Hence, it is no surprise to why the majority of opinions are against the bush’s administrative policies. As mentioned in the article, according to polls carried out in 2001 and 2002, even the majority of the American public does not want economic, resource and military growth if that means that their environment has to suffer. America also had to face large criticism for not being a part of Kyoto Protocol which could have been the closest solution to the problem of global warming. In conclusion, I would like to state, that Bush’s policies are not for people because the long term result of them is loss of environment that surrounds those people. It must realize the importance of the strong need for strict environment policies before it is too late. References BBC News, (2002) Q&A: The US and climate change from BBC News. Website: http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/americas/1820523. stm

Healing Hospital: A Daring Paradigm Essay

Components of Healing Hospitals Faith and hope are the greatest assets for the patient. Listening is the greatest asset of the caregivers. Addressing spiritual issues can make a difference in the patients’ experience of illness, and may even affect the outcome. Ministering to the patients’ spiritual needs and providing appropriate interventions has been identified as a professional nursing role. († Philosophical Foundation for Integrative Medicine,† 2012) Healing hospitals need to contribute to the physical needs and spiritual needs as well. Holistic nursing is becoming more prominent of caring for patients’, paying attention to the mind, body, and spirit. These are components of a healing hospital. According to Diana Vance (Vance, 2004), Patients’ religious faith and prayers were significantly correlated and reduced post-op pain and complications and mortality rates. Additionally prayer, spiritual perspective, and religious influence were positively correlated with enhanced coping skills for dealing with the stress of surgery and illness and an overall feeling of well-being during terminal illness. Regardless of whether spiritually is described as prayer, religious faith, or spiritual perspective, numerous studies have demonstrated the positive affects spiritually plays on physical and psychosocial health. (Vance, 2004) Prayer and medicine have been shown to decrease blood pressure as a result decreases the effects of heart disease. Studies also show meditation lowers blood sugar as well. Healing hospitals need to provide patients’ with staff educated in spiritualty and more holistic medicine. Massage therapy increases the oxygen and blood flow to the areas being massaged, the only exception is areas over bony prominences where pressure ulcers may develop. Biofeedback can be used to promote relaxation, heart rate. Guided imagery focuses and directs imagination. This can decrease blood pressure, respiratory rate, and can decrease pain. Healing touch consist of balancing physical, mental, emotional and spiritual well-being. Healing touch works with the body’s energy field to support its natural ability to heal. Healing Music therapy is being used to decrease stress, and can help patient manage  post-op pain. Healing gardens provide a place for patients can pray, meditate, and can use other therapies to aid in healing. Some hospital and nursing homes also participate in pet therapy. Florence Nightin gale promoted small pets as a companion for the sick. Pastoral care with representatives from the different faiths so that patients’ receive the pastoral care needed. Healing environments are not just for the patients. In order to effectively and therapeutically for other we must first know how to care for ourselves. Healing environments are an essentially prerequisites patients as well as staff members. Creating a Healing Environment Healing environments have had difficulties taking hold. Hospitals are known for cure and not healing. Until the past couple of years medical students were not instructed how spiritually can make a difference. One of the difficulties studies have found is that hospitals are noisy with overhead paging, bright lights and this increases patient stress, anxiety causing blood pressure, blood sugar, heart rate elevated, while also increases muscle tension. This situation decreases the bodies’ ability to heal. Overall nurses believe that some spiritual connection does increase the bodies’ ability to heal, gives patients inner-peace and contributes to overall well-being. Nurses need to develop a strong therapeutic relationship with the patient this increases the patients ability to discuss these sensitive issues. Acute care nurses are less equipped to deal with spiritual needs of this patient population. Hospice nurses, oncology, and rehabilitation nurses apply spiritual comfort , and have more education to deal with these issues. In some studies nurses’ claim reasons that keep them from discussing spiritual matters is lack of time, lack of confidence, and knowledge regarding the particular religion the patients’ practice. Despite attempt to present nurses’ spiritual care in a more positive light. Studies show that nurses’ treatment is incomplete only participating in more traditional therapies like prayer. (Grant, 2004) With cutbacks in hospital funding, and short stays spiritual care is considered a low priority. Nurses need to be educated in more modern therapies. Interventions should be developed and evaluated that utilize the best mix of hospital staff physicians, nurses, chaplains, social workers. Questionaries’ need to be  developed that ask if their spiritual needs were met while hospitalized in the acute care setting. Hospitals need to make spiritual care a higher priority in the acute care settings. (Vance, 2004) According to one article I read our spirituality is the foundation of our being rather than an aspect our being. Attention to spirituality and spiritual values is an important yet most-often neglected components in organizations. (Thornton, 2005) Hospitals need to create educational programs for patients’ and visitors to incorporate the idea of mind, body, and soul to foster the idea that all of these concepts are tied together as one. Keeping mind, body, and spirit health has shown to actually lower over health care cost. The healing environment is not just important to the patients and visitors. The staff needs this environment as well; hospitals need to make changes for staff. Keeping the staff energized and able to provide the best care possible. In the book of Matthew 4:23-25 NIV Describes the story of Jesus making his way through the synagogues spreading the gospel, healing the sick, healing every disease and illness. News spread all over Syria people came to him with all kinds of various diseases, those suffering in pain, the demon-possessed, those having seizures and the paralyzed. Christ healed them all. This best describes how healing hospitals should be. This scripture describes Christ healing physical issues it also describes Christ healing the spirit as well, by healing the demon possessed. Hospitals are in the business of healing, curing, and promoting over well-being. References Geimer-Flanders, J. (2014). Creating a healing environment: Rationale and research overview. Retrieved from http://www.ccjm.org/content/76/Suppl_2/S66.full Grant, D. (2004, Jan-Feb). Spiritual Interventions: How, When, and Why Nurses Use Them. Holistic Nursing Practice, 1(), 36-41. Retrieved from ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu Spirituality and Religion in Health Care. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.bravewell.org/integrative_medicine/philosophical_foundation/spirituality_and_healthcare/ The Power of Beliefs and the Importance of Culture. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.bravewell.org/integrative_medicine/philosophical_foundation/beliefs_and_culture/ Thornton, L. (2005). The Model of Whole-Person Caring Creating

Green Valley Megastore Case Study Essay

Green-Valley Megastores Green-Valley Megastores was a part of a large business group having investments in diverse businesses like pharmaceuticals, luxury hotels, textile manufacturing and exports, and food processing. The mega-stores were aimed to give the customers a truly international shopping experience—a one stop destination where entire families could enjoy a day together—watching movies, shopping, eating out and playing games in an unmatched ambience. This concept of shopping-cum-entertainment had paralleled the growth of shopping malls in India. Today, the customers who did not prefer to just watch movies at the old-fashioned movie halls had the option of going into multiplexes which offered more than one movie show at a single time, along with the option of spending time at multiple shops or restaurants at the same time within the same complex. This was designed so that the customer need not travel from place to place in search of different products – but could have it at one place. With this, the businesses tried to replicate the weekend holiday concept of the West where an entire family could spend a day out engaging itself in watching movies, shopping and eating out. To further this aim, Green-Valley Megastores had invested in multiplexes with floor space varying from 20,000 square feet to 40,000 square feet in prime locations in different cities. The shop-space was then leased out to different brands—who would sell their products within the multiplex. Thus, there was a wide variety of products in a single multiplex—ranging from dress material (which itself had different varieties of ethnic wear, western wear, leather accessories, sunglasses, fine jewelry, and saris) to shoes, electronics, toys, groceries and foodstuff, etc. In terms of product offering, these shops within Green-Valley offered a wide choice to their customers. Not only did Green-Valley offer the finest brands available in India, but it also offered a world-class ambience and service, with the widest choice. A customer could browse through the offerings to their hearts content without any pressure of buying through serene ambience in the classy glass and marble interiors designed by international architects. There was enough  space for them to rest, take a break, have refreshments while shopping and then continue again. Staff at Green-Valley While the shops within each Green-Valley Store had its own staff, Green-Valley maintained its own staff to take care of housekeeping (cleanliness of public space like lobbies, staircases etc.) manage the car park, and provide security services. The staff at Green-Valley was trained to be unobtrusive; they were supposed to be present and vigilant at all times and respond to a specific customer request only when the customer required. They were there to help one make a choice or serve quietly and efficiently. With constant in-depth training, the Green-Valley staff was required to offer service to all customers with a positive attitude, pleasant disposition, and good communication skills Organizational Structure Each store was managed by a store-in-charge who was supported by four managers. The different managers took care of security, housekeeping, services and accounts. The staff strength for security, housekeeping and services varied from store to store based on the requirements. While the housekeeping took care of the general cleanliness of the stores, services department took care of the maintenance of the lifts, electrical equipment, fire-fighting equipment etc. Both the housekeeping department and the services department relied on contractual staff instead of permanent employees. See Figure 1 for the organizational structure in the following page. Figure 1 Organizational Structure in a typical Green-Valley Megastore. Performance Appraisal for Megastores’ employees Performance appraisal for the store employees was carried out on an annual basis. Each of the employees were evaluated by their superior (refer Figure 1). The store-in-charges of different stores were evaluated by the Regional Managers. The Regional Managers were in turn appraised by the General Manager (Operations) who used to be located at headquarters. The regional managers had targets in terms of business development – getting new customers for floor space in the mega-stores. They had to achieve the targets in terms of lease rent from the stores in their regions. For the store-in-charges the nature of job was more of managing the facility for their customers. Each store had two categories of customers – the tenants and the shoppers. It was the responsibility of the store –in-charge of a Mega-store to ensure highest quality of service to both the categories. Performance Appraisal Process Only those employees who had completed a year in the organization were eligible for performance appraisal. There was no appraisal for the contractual staff or part-time employees. The appraisal process was carried out for all the eligible employees simultaneously in the February to March period. The appraisal process was initiated by a meeting conducted by the Store-in-charge where the announcement of the appraisal process was made. It was mandatory for all eligible employees to attend the meeting. During the meeting the eligible employees were informed individually about the date of his / her performance appraisal. The employees are asked to be prepared for any sort of situations or questions during the appraisal. As an important step of their career, employees took the appraisal interview seriously. Stage 1: Self appraisal This was the first step in the appraisal process at Green-Valley, where an employee has to rate himself from 1 – 6 where 1 is the lowest and 6 the  highest grade. The employee was handed over a form with following five parameters (refer Table A). The parameters were based on the important aspects of his/her responsibility in Green-Valley and had different weights. The employee had to grade himself/ herself on those parameters. Stage 2: Assessment by Appraisal Committee The appraisal interviews were carried out by an Appraisal Committee that was formed for each store. The members in that committee were the Store-in-charge and two HR managers from the headquarters. The committee would carry out interviews of the employees and based on the interviews would give their assessment of performance. On a single day nearly 4-5 employees were appraised. The committee would start the interview using the self-assessment as the basis, probing reasons why a particular employee had rated himself 6. In most cases employees used to rate themselves on the higher side—typically either 5 or 6. For each of the parameters, the appraisal committee had a set of questions which would examine the employee. For example, reliability would be probed with questions like: 1.Where were you when so and so incident took place in the store? 2.If a customer has forgotten her purchases in the lobby – how would you locate the customer to give it back to them? The appraisal committee would make its own assessment and give marks on the 1 to 6 scale. TableA: Performance Assessment Form Name: _______________________________ Store Location:________________________ Assessment Period:_____________________ S. No.Performance DimensionsWeights (in %) WSelf RatingCommittee Rating RW X R 1.Customer focus20 2.Task focus15 3.Upkeep of uniform and self 15 4.Discipline & Attendance10 5.Honesty & Integrity10 6.Communication10 7.Initiative 10 8.Reliability10 Total Raw Score: Total of WxR 100 Additional achievements by the employee: Comments by the Appraisal Committee: Signature of the committee members: Final Score: Signature of employee: The marks were used to derive the grades. The grading was done as per the scheme depicted in Table B. Table B: Grading Scheme Marks cut-offRating > 5.5Outstanding 5 – 5.5Very Good 4.5 – 5 Good 4 – 4.5Adequate

Race and Racism (Anthropology) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Race and Racism (Anthropology) - Essay Example States is a country with a strong tradition of institutionalized racism which permeates all aspects of modern America society (see hooks’ Ain’t I a Woman?: Black Women and Feminism, 1981). For many in America racism is an ever-present aspect of the social condition and is built upon a rigid social code, a white/black binary which has its roots in early American settlement and the shameful tradition of slavery in the New World. What are the effects of racism and sexism on the lives of people today? In American society there is a definite health disparity in the country as non-whites report a lower level of overall health and access to healthcare. The American Journal of Preventive Medicine undertook a substantial quantitative analysis of the infant mortality rates between black and white infants and found that a disparity in this important social indicator does in fact exist. Accordingly, this respected journal found that the black-white infant mortality ratio has persisted for decades and has even increased in recent times. In 1960, the black-white infant mortality ratio stood a 2.0, but twenty years later this figure had risen to 2.4. Why such a disparity? What are the causes of such dramatic differences in the likelihood that a newborn black child would not live to see his or her first birthday in comparison to a white child? This study determined that while a variety of factors can account for this dis parity, low birth weight remains the most prominent cause of a higher infant mortality rate amongst black babies. In fact, black babies in America have a 300% greater likelihood of being born with a low birthrate relative to their white counterparts. The US Center for Disease Control and Prevention found a variety of socio-economic causes for the phenomenon of low birth weight, including poverty, poor nutrition, a lack of knowledge about pregnancy and the challenges associated with it, and access to proper medical facilities. The disparity in

Animal Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Animal Behavior - Essay Example In what ways were chimpanzees superior to humans Goodall observed (p. 232) that unlike humans, a chimpanzee is not inhibited by any fear of making a fool of him/herself. What this means is that chimpanzees may not exhibit in their adulthood the effects of any traumatic experiences in their childhood. They instinctively learn from their experience and move on is what she seemed to imply, although such a conclusion may be doubtful scientifically because it was not possible at the time of her observation to have any properly documented childhood histories of the adult chimpanzees she observed. And, of course, what we may consider foolish behavior may be for a chimpanzee just an ordinary show of animal happiness. At the least, we can admit that chimpanzees are superior in a way because they do not go around rampaging in the forest just because they were bullied by others of their kind, as Goodall observed. Goodall also made some observations where humans were "better" than chimpanzees, and this is in caring for their young (p. 185). Unlike humans where the male of the species get involved (emotionally and physically) from pregnancy to adulthood, male chimpanzees do not do so, leaving the task and troubles of pregnancy, birth, and child-rearing to the female. This form of behavior Goodall marks as one of the main differences between human and chimpanzee societies. This leads us to ask whether this difference has something to do with the malaise in human society today, and whether leaving child-rearing to human mothers would be better. There were other instances when Goodall found chimpanzees in a league of their own and incomparable to humans, such as in the way they trust the others, especially humans, or in the tolerant and kind behavior they show towards their young (p. 74; p. 178). They do not turn traitor, friendly one moment and then aggressive the next, or harm others for no reason. This did not mean that chimpanzees do not express aggressive behavior when threatened, but once they accept someone as their own, everyone is expected to follow the established social order or get out of the group (perhaps, start a new one). In a sense, these chimpanzees were exhibiting animal behavior but devoid of the evil and bad intentions that abound among humans. Personally, Goodall's account shows the many similarities and differences between humans and chimpanzees, and leads me to question the advantages and disadvantages of rational behavior, or whether chimpanzees can teach us lessons that would help us make this world a better place. Looking at the world as it is now, I disagree with Goodall's observation (p. 34) that we accept the chimpanzee as Man, because I think it would be an insult to the chimpanzee. Perhaps later, when we humans learn to use our "superior" mental and spiritual capacities to do what is good and to avoid evil, it would be an honor for us to be accepted by the chimpanzees as their biological and genomic kin. The Truth about Dogs Budiansky (2001) presented a genomic dimension of man's best friend, a "gene's eye" view to show how dogs evolved from their

Effective Management and Leadership in Hospitals Research Paper - 1

Effective Management and Leadership in Hospitals - Research Paper Example By describing the objectives of organization visibly, there would be no waste of time, effort and money. Management alters disorganized resources of human factor, machinery, money etc. into the valuable enterprise. These resources are synchronized, focused and organized in such a manner that initiative work towards the accomplishment of goals. Moreover, it inspires the optimal application of resources - Management employs all the physical & human resources effectively. This leads to effectiveness in management. Management allows us to achieve maximum utilization of limited resources by choosing its finest possible alternate use in business from out of a range of uses. It employs professionals and these services result in the proper use of their abilities, knowledge, and proper utilization and evade wastage. If employees and machines are manufacturing at their maximum, there will be no underemployment of any resources. Management also diminishes costs as it gets maximum results through minimum input by proper planning and by using minimum input and getting maximum output. Management uses physical, financial and human resources in a manner that leads to the best combination. This aids in the reduction of costs. In addition to that, management creates rigorous organizations as there is no overlying of energies through well-defined and synchronised roles. To establish a sound organizational arrangement is one of the objectives of management which is in sync with the organizational objectives and for execution of this, it launches effective authority & responsibility. Effective management creates equilibrium as it allows the organization to endure varying environment. It stays in collaboration with this changing environment. It is also accountable for growth as well as the survival of a business (Hesketh & Laidlaw, 2010).

Southeast Asian in the US Ques 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Southeast Asian in the US Ques 2 - Essay Example Louis says that his father had access to the port and the fishermen there because his job took him there often. The first part of the plan to emigrate from Vietnam included lots of secrecy. Louis says his father made it a point to be very friendly with all of the fishermen for a long time. He made friends with one of these men and they became close. Because of this close friendship, Louis says his father knew that the fisherman was someone that could be trusted. He started to ask him to take him on a trip that would enable him to escape from Vietnam. It took a long time to convince the fisherman to agree to do this. Louis’ father had to pay the man money little by little over the course of an entire year to convince him. It was difficult to convince him because he knew that there was lots of danger involved for him as well. After a year, the fisherman agreed to take on the job. He actually worked to organize a group of people that all wanted to go. This helped to defray the co st of the fuel and the risk for the fisherman. Once the group was ready and had paid, the fisherman took them on a two-week boat journey from Vietnam to Malaysia. The trip was very difficult but it was worth it. Once the Vietnamese immigrants were in Malaysia, things got much easier. The Malaysian government worked quickly to issue visas to the Vietnamese. This allowed movement within the country and the ability to work. Louis said that his father had no desire to stay in Malaysia because opportunities were limited, so he almost immediately caught a boat headed for the Philippines. Upon arrival in the Philippines, he was placed in a refugee camp. It sounds worse than it was. He was given enough food and a clean place to sleep. Moat importantly, he was taught English for six months, so he could get along once he arrived in America. After the six months was up, he moved to California and then on to Boston, which is were he still resides today. My classmate Louis’ father had a v ery different experience immigrating to America than a member of my neighborhood did. Mr. Milanovic emigrated from Bosnia with his wife and two daughters. His decision to immigrate was caused by more urgent circumstances that Louis’ father. The war in Bosnia and Mr. Milanovic’s ethnicity were factors in his immigration. He did not immigrate to America just for a better life. He came to America because his life was not safe in his homeland anymore. Mr. Milanovic saw his nieces, nephews and two of his brothers killed in a raid by Serbs. He says that it is a miracle that his entire family was able to escape intact and alive. Mr. Milanovic knew a friend with a truck that routinely traveled past safe areas where the UN was gathering Bosnian refugees. After the visit to his Brother’s home and the raid by the Serbs, he decided that he needed to get his family out of Bosnia. They packed almost nothing and went to the UN refugee camp to wait. They waited a very long time . He recalls boredom being the real enemy. People would grow tense because there was nothing to do except worry about missing family members. After nearly a full year in the refugee camp, the Milanovic family arrived in the United States. They arrived in Lincoln, Nebraska because that is where the organization that had arranged for sponsors was located. All the Milanovic family knew is that they were going to be taken care of for the first few months in America by

Ethics in a Universalist Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics in a Universalist Society - Essay Example In addition, moral Universalists hold that once a certain behavior or conduct is seen to be wrong in a particular community or environment, the same will apply to other communities and environments regardless of circumstances in those environments. According to Gert, the theory of moral universalism has been of great essence in determination of international human rights and certain laws governing ethical conduct. For instance, the United Nations while in Geneva Convention of 1948 settled upon the needs for fair treatment of war prisoners. Moral universalism dictates that human beings have certain special rights whose breaching qualifies for immorality (Gert). Moral universalism operates under the notion that moral assessment of persons and their conducts of social governance should base on basic doctrines that not in any way discriminate against other people in the society. Moral Universalists further argue that freedom to exercise self-desires and wills constitute the basic element s of morality in the societies. Protagonists of moral universalism insist that any morally wrong behavior or accomplishment of by an individual is always within that person’s control and authority as it were before the accomplishment. Immanuel Kant and theory of Moral Universalism Kant investigates that universal moral requirements base on the standard rationality known as the categorical imperative (CI). Kant defines immorality as any circumstantial violation of categorical imperative and therefore qualifies to be irrational. Kant presentation of moral universalism intends to impact particular sense of self-respect and respect to the other human beings. According to Johnson, a moral individual has the right to make viable judgments and decisions that do not defile anyone’s freedom within the surrounding. The moral judgment arrived at by an individual should be that which any morally sane, sober, normal and reasonable adult will confer with. Kant further argues that mo ral universalism with rational wills acquaints individuals with autonomy. Kant argues that in order to achieve ethical sanity in our environment, the rational moral values should be determined first before any other attempt. Kant’s theory of moral universalism dictates that development of appropriate ethical values lies on the basic factors of analysis of concepts like goodwill, obligation and logical relation. Kant’s theory of moral universalism has been used to investigate behaviors of individuals in line with moral requirements (Johnson). The good will component of morality that depends upon the common sense of an individual assists particular persons in making viable moral decision that are in conformity with the laws of morality. The idea of good will in the Kant’s theory of moral universalism leads people into performing their exact outstanding moral duties and responsibilities without unnecessary breach of other peoples’ dignity. The idea of good w ill has been used by many personalities in executing their exact basic and righteous duties without considering other external factors. The idea of commonsense has been repeated in the societies with basic stand of nurturing peace and harmonious coexistence among individuals living in the

Global Change threatens the liberal order Assignment

Global Change threatens the liberal order - Assignment Example The world economy has been working in quite a complex way in the past decade. The critical role has been played by the global financial crisis and breakdown of the American rule and power (Groody, 2002). The paper is an analysis of present situation of the international liberal order and trends that have threatened its presence in the current context. The paper also analyses an antithesis that supports the previous order and concludes on a choice between the two opinions. Liberal order in the context of liberal internationalism assumes that governments and people have a shared common interest towards establishment of the global cooperative world, despite the existence of restrains, sovereign equality and reciprocation. The optimist view for international liberal order goes forth to discuss that all states have the ability to overcome constraints with a view to cooperate, thereby resolving security issues, working towards collective action and consequently, developing a stable and open system (Steins, 2004). United States of America was deemed to be the champion of international liberal order until the twentieth century. The sponsor, function and role of United States have undergone a major change over the recent years. Facts such as, those pertaining to geo-political position of the United States, have been responsible for shaping up America’s liberal order, but more important aspects are the logic and character of this very liberal order placed within the global context. The political system of the western world, including currency, technology, alliances and markets, has been fused with the liberal order for providing a base for liberal internationalisation. During the Cold War, the United States developed towards becoming operator of the global capitalist form of liberal political order (Ikenberry, 2011). With closure of the Cold War, peaceful terms that emerged were more in

Pain in unresponsive patients Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Pain in unresponsive patients - Essay Example A contributing factor for this could be that the various pain scales available for noncommunicative patients generally are subjective and, therefore, lacking in inter-rater reliability. Besides, research in pain assessment tools has not been adequate. The major aims of this study are (1) to compare the Numerical Rating Scale and the Behavioral Pain Scale for measuring pain in unresponsive patients, and Pain is an important problem in critical care and accurate assessment of pain in the unresponsive patient is indeed a challenge. The unresponsive patients include pediatric, trauma, surgery, cancer, and critically ill, end-of- life cases. The attending nurses are generally accountable for pain management in the patient. It is estimated that critically ill patients dying in the ICU account for nearly 20% of the hospital deaths (Rocker & Curtis, 2003). Hence, nursing care decisions made at the end of life are crucial for the comfort of the patient. Palliative care has been defined by the World Health Organization as "the total care of patients and families whose disease is not responsive to curative treatment" (WHO, 1990, p.11). Assessment and management of pain in the palliative care is a very difficult process especially in the case of a non-verbal patient (Gambrell, 2005). Health-care providers play an active role in managing pain and providing comfort to such patients. But unmitig ated pain in the absence of adequate use of analgesics and sedatives can lead to enhanced morbidity and mortality in patients in the ICU (Ahlers et al., 2008). The tools available for pain assessment in noncommunicative patients are mostly subjective which is a great drawback. Ideally, an objective tool for quantification of pain intensity capable of providing a quick feedback would be needed to provide comfort to the unresponsive patient (Gambrell, 2005). Critically ill patients show a variety of hormonal changes and neurogenic blockade and analgesia with local anaesthetics can prevent

Professional Abilities Essay Example for Free

Professional Abilities Essay There are several organizations for each professional for example: teachers, social workers, accountants and business owners just to name a few. Then there are sororities and fraternities which consist of all of these professionals in one melting pot. The professional organization which I will describe in the paper is the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC). As an employee in a Child Care Facility being apart of this organization can help improve my career if I choose to become the director in a few months. The following paragraph describes the history of the organization and what it has done for the early childhood program. As a mother of 5 with 4 attending school in the public school system this organization is in the public eye and moving forward with efforts to improve the early childhood system and help teachers, parents and congress to understand how important our childrens education should be to us. I can join this organization and help to change laws that can have an impact for not only my children but also grandchildren, nieces, nephews and the children that attend my Childcare facility my eyes could be open to new information, meeting people from all aspects of life at the national meetings and even go to Washington DC to help influence them to increase the funding, or make changes to existing policies regarding early childhood education. NAEYCs mission is to serve and act on behalf of the needs, rights and well-being of all young children with primary focus on the provision of educational and developmental services and resources. National Association for the Education of Young Children has become the nations premier organization for early childhood professionals—setting research-based standards and providing resources to improve early childhood program quality, enhance the professional development and working conditions of program staff, and to help families learn about and understand the need for high quality early childhood education. Through position statements, work with other organizations, and its national voluntary accreditation system, NAEYC has been the leader in promoting excellence in early childhood education for all young children from birth through age 8. NAEYCs roots extend to the 1920s when professional researchers and educators began organizing nursery schools for young children. Concerned about the quality of the proliferating programs, Patty Smith Hill identified a multidisciplinary group of 25 individuals, among them Arnold Gesell, Lois Meek (Stolz), and Abigail Eliot, to consider the need for a new association. A public conference was held in Washington, DC in 1926. By 1929, the group was organized as the National Association for Nursery Education (NANE) and had published its first book—Minimum Essentials for Nursery Education. In 1964, NANE was reorganized as the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC). Also that year, the federal Head Start program was launched, focusing public attention on preschool education. In the early 1980s, concern about the quality of early childhood services available to the burgeoning numbers of families seeking child care and preschool programs for their young children led NAEYC to begin planning a national voluntary accreditation system for early childhood programs. NAEYCs work in developing position statements and setting standards for different aspects of early childhood education continued throughout the 1990s. The National Institute for Early Childhood Professional Development focuses attention on improving the quality of preparation and ongoing professional development for teachers of young children by providing a place to learn from researchers about new developments and evaluations of pedagogy, curriculum, assessment, and teacher education. By its 75th anniversary in 2001, the association was engaged in a project to reinvent its accreditation system (scheduled to be fully implemented in 2006). Funding provided by a variety of contributors has been instrumental to the success of this effort. In addition, a comprehensive restructuring of its affiliate groups (most of which successfully re-affiliated in 2004) had also been launched. Interest Forums were established as a membership benefit in 2001 to encourage communities of learning on issues related to the NAEYC mission. Funding provided by the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation enabled NAEYC to establish the Supporting Teachers, Strengthening Families project to prevent child abuse and promote childrens healthy social development by helping teachers better communicate with families on difficult issues. The Association also adopted standards for professional preparation associate degree programs in early childhood education and launched plans to develop an accreditation system for these institutions. This effort has been generously supported by a number of contributors. The results of earlier efforts to build the Associations policy presence are clearly visible in 2004. Affiliates and members receive training, technical assistance and resources to help them improve the capacity of their efforts to promote good public policies and investments in affordable, high quality early childhood education programs. NAEYC is recognized as a leading voice in Congress and in state capitols on what is needed to help improve early childhood programs and services for all young children and their families, ranging from child care and Head Start, to early elementary grade reading programs and appropriate assessment. Early childhood educators look to NAEYC for journals, books, and other resources that combine a solid research base and information and features that make them highly accessible and useful for practitioners, teacher educators, and policy makers. NAEYC Conferences continue to be the meetings that just cant be missed, serving a critical convening function for the early childhood profession and providing a valuable professional development opportunity. Approaching its 80th anniversary, NAEYC is proud of its traditions, but also looks to the future. The Association is committed to becoming an ever more high performing inclusive organization that invites all individuals, families, communities and organizations to work together to improve the lives of all young children. They offer an Associate Degree Accreditation Program too many Universities that have programs in Early Childhood to make sure they are preparing their students for their career. They also offer Early Childhood professionals resources to improve their practice through training and professional development. After reading all the above information we should all be apart of this type of organization that cares greatly for the education system that our child (ren) participate in on a daily basis.

Create atmospher Essay Example for Free

Create atmospher Essay The writer creates a tense, aggressive and misleading atmosphere. Miller creates a tense atmosphere as Eddie is attacking Rodolfo with sneery comments to lower his self esteem and make Rodolfo look bad in Catherines eyes. The quote thats why the water front is no place for him (Rodolfo) Eddie is making Rodolfo feel unwanted and like this place is no place for you. Also this could imply that Catherine also no place for him and he needs to back off. In the stage direction Miller make the atmosphere tense by I quote (has has been unconsciously twisting the newspaper into a tight role) and everyone is looking at him and acknowledging him knowing how much Rodolfo annoys him. Then miller writes in the stage direction about the paper suddenly tears in two this doesnt only show eddies frustration and strength but also could symbolise Eddie and Catherines relationship, it shows if Eddie keeps on pushing her and twisting their relationship and eventually it will break and Catherine will have to make a decision and that is exactly what happens later on in the play when Catherine has to chose between staying with Eddie or going with Rodolfo and she finally feels she needs to stand up for herself and grow up so goes with Rodolfo. Eddie then moves on to how Marco and him should go see a fight together, and constantly addressing Marco showing he feels Marco as the only person who can put Rodolfo down a peg or two, he loves the dominance over Rodolfo so then takes advantage of this by always asking for Marcos approval on matters on how Rodolfo has done bad, like when Catherine and Rodolfo were out late at the pictures and Eddie states about how Rodolfo might get picked up if hes out that late and how he dragged Catherine off and shouldnt be out so late with her. Marco asks Eddie what has he done and Eddie tells him about being late In and Marco say to Rodolfo you come home early now Eddie loves how Marco can embarrass and be dominant over Rodolfo. When Eddie is talking about fighting Marco is uneasy because he can see that its not a good idea, but Eddie is making the atmosphere so misleading he is being nice and saying things like you want to come and I treat you and he says Ill buy the tickets at this point the reader is not sure of what is going to happen but we have this thought at the back of our head that its not a good idea and foreshadowing danger. Then the atmosphere turns violent and tense, it starts out Eddie saying about how he could teach Marco how to box, then he turns to Rodolfo and then states well come on, Ill teach you instantly this seems an innocent gesture from anyone else but not Eddie, he knows what he is doing and just wants to get back at Rodolfo. He is saying Ill show you a couple a passes these are all excuses he just wants a chance to inflict pain on Rodolfo. Boxing is another manly sport that feminine Rodolfo cant do, and Eddie knows this so takes advantage of this weakness knowing he wont be able to defend himself so expects Rodolfo to be weak. It then turns out that Rodolfo is very good and both Eddie and Marco are praising him so this all seems like a bit of fun but then Eddie is egging him on to do worse and saying dont pity on methrow it we then get this superstition that its not going to turn out well. Eddie then states you cant hurt me but we know this is not true because Rodolfo has already hurt him but through Catherine instead, Eddie knows this and takes advantage of this all the time making the atmosphere tense and aggressive, Eddie knows he has sort of lost Catherine to Rodolfo and is determined not to lose to Rodolfo at something Eddie is good at. Catherine then becomes scared and is the only one sensing trouble so asks what are they doin? and Beatrice doesnt think anything of it and is happy they are finally getting on and cant see the trouble behind it. Eddie seems fine and happy then all of a sudden fakes a punch and lands his right on Rodolfo, Rodolfo staggers. Marco then rises this shows that Marco is not afraid to stand up for his family and is kind of warning to Eddie. Then Catherine rushes to Rodolfo this will seriously anger Eddie as it seems Catherine has already made the decision to go with Rodolfo instead. Eddie senses Catherine is angry with him so instantly comments on how Rodolfo is fine and saying did I hurt you kid? he is trying to keep the atmosphere neutral and not get on the bad side of Catherine. Beatrice then puts and end to it and says thats enough to Eddie. He then says to Marco Ill teach him again and in the stage directions It states Marco nods dubiously this shows that Marco weary of this. Eddie is made out to be a bully and Rodolfo seems even better in the eyes of Catherine for being so good at boxing and not fighting back to Eddies punch. After the boxing the atmosphere becomes tense again Rodolfo puts on the record paper doll and we know that this record has created quite a tense atmosphere in the past because the lyrics symbolises the love triangle between Eddie, Catherine and Rodolfo. The lyrics state about how Catherine is Rodolfos girl and not Eddies anymore and Its tough to love a doll thats not your own and thats how Eddie feels. We know that this was not a good idea for Rodolfo to do then he asks Catherine to dance. Marco can see that Eddie is uncomfortable with this, so Marco sets him a challenge he places a chair in front of him and asks him to lift the chair by one leg and with one arm behind your back, Marco only demonstrates this though, this may imply that Marco wants to be the dominant one and show Eddie how its done after Eddies pathetic attempt to do it, Eddie then proceeds to accept the challenge it. Eddie cant do it and never faults himself and how its because the chair is on an angle not because he isnt strong enough. This could also symbolise about how Eddie feels his judgments are right about Rodolfo and now Marco needs to show Eddie some dominance and prove Eddie is wrong. Marco then raises the chair exactly how he showed Eddie and he carries on hiring the chair all the way above his head and holding it there. The stage directions state Marco gives of a glare of warning to Eddie all the while still holding the chair over his head, he is stating to Eddie to back off and leave Rodolfo alone before he does something his regrets. His glare then turns into a smile of triumph this shows that he has dominance over Eddie and control. Marco ends the scene as the most powerful man. All the while the atmosphere has a constant theme of tension and aggressiveness. In this extract there is pathos which means you feel sympathy for a someone and this particular person is Eddie. He never seems to get what he wants and has been seen as a bully and not a nice person in everyones eyes. We feel pity for him as Catherine has shown she has chosen Rodolfo over Eddie and now Eddie seems powerless and not the man of the house when Marco shows his act of dominance.

Supply Chain Strategic Management For Nike Marketing Essay

Supply Chain Strategic Management For Nike Marketing Essay Nike, Inc was founded in 1964 in the state of Oregon, US. Nike is the largest seller of athletic footwear and apparel in the world. Its main business is in the design, development and marketing of high quality footwear, apparel, and equipment and accessory products. Products are sold to retail accounts via NIKE owned stores and online sales, independent distributors and licensees in 170 countries across globe. Footwear and apparel products are manufactured outside Unites States while equipments are manufactured both in US and outside US. Nikes products are produced in factories owned/operated by independent contractors Nikes footwear products dominates its market share and footwears are designed for aquatic activities, baseball, cheerleading, football, golf, lacrosse, outdoor activities, skateboarding, tennis, volleyball, walking, wrestling, and other athletic and recreational uses. (Nike 2010) Nikes accessories and apparels are designed to match its footwear and performance equipment like bags, socks, sport balls, eyewear, timepieces, electronic devices, bats, gloves, protective equipment, golf clubs are also manufactured. Plastic products are produced in Nikes self owned subsidiary, NIKE IHM, Inc. Other wholly owned subsidiaries of Nike are Cole Haan, Converse, Hurley and Umbro. Supply Chain Process Overview: Business related operations like marketing and contracts with the factories for product development activities is executed in Nikes headquarters in Beaverton, Oregon. Nikes global operations are largely categorized into four geographic segments United States; Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA); Asia Pacific and Americas (includes Canada, Mexico and other Latin American countries of Chile, Brazil and Argentina). Nike has outsourced its manufacturing activities across globe since mid-1970s. And the products are developed at factories owned and managed by business partners. (SCM are ERP Implementation at Nike: From Failure to Success 2005) United States Market: Fig 1.1: Nike US Retail Stores Source: Nike Annual Report Fig 1.2: Nike Non-US Retail Stores Source: Nike Annual Report plastic and metal hardware, and specialized performance fabrics designed to repel rain, retain heat, or efficiently transport body moisture. NIKEs contractors and suppliers buy raw materials in bulk. Most raw materials are available in the countries where manufacturing takes place. Supply Chain Framework: The three components of SCM framework are Supply chain network structure, supply chain business processes and the supply chain management components. The three vital components of supply chain network structure are members of the supply chain, structural dimension of the network and various types of process links across the supply chain(Lambert and Cooper 2000). Key members involved in supply chain should be identified. Primary members of a supply chain to be all those autonomous companies or strategic business units who carry out value-adding activities (operational and/or managerial) in the business processes designed to produce a specific output for a particular customer or market .In contrast, supporting members are companies that simply provide resources, knowledge, utilities, or assets for the primary members of the supply chain (Lambert and Cooper 2000). Structural dimension of the network assist in evaluating and managing the supply chain. Horizontal structure means the numbe r of tiers across supply chain and vertical structure means number of suppliers/customers within each tier. Any changes in structure impacts supply chain and proper analysis should be done before making modifications. Successful SCM needs a shift from handling individual processes/functions to integrating activities across supply chain. GSCF identified eight supply chain processes Customer service management, Customer relationship management, Demand management, Order fulfilment, Manufacturing flow management, Procurement, Product development and commercialization and Returns. There exist 4 types of links in business functionalities. They are Managed business process links, monitored business process links, not-managed business process links, and not-member business process links. Managed process links are links that the firm views them as vital to integrate and deal with. These are the links that exists between firm and tier1 customers/suppliers. Monitored process links are albeit not crucial, but vital to the firm and they are the links existing with other member companies. Not-Managed process links are not crucial and the firm is not directly involved in managing them but assign the job of managing the links to member factories. Non member process links are linkages between the firm and other non-members of the supply chain. The nine management components for successful SCM of Nike would be planning and control; work structure; organization structure; product flow facility structure; information flow facility structure; management methods; power and leadership structure; risk and reward structure; and culture and attitude. Supply Chain Process and Objectives of Nike: Precision : The objective is to satisfy customers through product delivery and information accuracy. Nike follows few methods to measure precision DIFOT (Delivery in Full- on Time) and Time to provide resolution to customer queries. The products are produced in factories based on the orders and the developed finished goods are consolidated and then distributed by air/water/road ways to NIKE Customer service centres Fig 1.3: Nike Delivery process Fig 1.4: Nike Apparel and Footwear Product Flow Fig 1.5: Nike Previous Supply Chain Model and desired Simplified Model Fig 1.6: Pictorial representation of Inventory management Fig 1.7: Life Cycle Cost Analysis Fig 1.8: Supply Chain Objectives of Nike Nikes i2 implementation failure : Supply and demand issues need to be paid utmost attention particularly in retail industry as it has to deal with wide choices for each product category like size, color etc. The huge SKU which signifies varied inventory pictures a hurdle to supply chain management. The manufacturing cycle before the implementation of software solutions is generally 9 months. Hence the need for demand planning system arose and Manugistics software was implemented. Due to various limitations in the software, in march 1999, Nike decided to implement software from i2 Technologies for managing its supply and demand. The desired functionality of the software was to match its supply with demand by mapping out the production of varied products at manufacturing units. The module should have been implemented and linked to ERP and other backend functionalities but however Nike implemented software from i2 using the legacy systems rather than implementing as part of its SAP ERP Project (SCM and ERP Implementation at Nike: From Failure to Success 2005 ) In 2000, after the implementation of i2 software, NIKE stated that it resulted in stock pile up for slower-selling shoes and shortages for high demand shoes. Nike blamed i2 software for poor planning forecast which was actually developed to reduce production days. Investors believed Nikes blame game and the shares of i2 dropped severely. But i2 managers claimed that Nikes issues were not linked to software but the way the software was implemented. They did not use the standard template offered by i2 for its footwear division. But i2 accepted the blame of not being forceful in compelling Nike to stick onto their implementation methodology and the bitter truth was i2 desired to solve Nikes complex issue of tracking every shoe model it manufactures. Nike experienced some major issue and hence i2 thought resolving those legitimate issues would really serve as value addition to i2 Technologies. Joshua Greenbaum, a consultant stated that i2 software is not known for technical failures but it is well known for its complexity and the issue here is that Nike went go-alive with the new software even before they were ready to go live which resulted in major chaos. Lessons learnt by Nike : Implementation issues in supply chain can have disastrous effect in Supply chain process of an organization and hence great care should be taken while implementing software solutions for managing supply chain. If a standard template is customized as per the clients requirement then the service provider should monitor that the client adheres to implementation procedures as instructed. If a solution is being offered to address complex issues, then the system should not go-live before appropriate testing to check if all the needs of clients are better served. Premature switching has devastating effect on the organization which Nike has learned at its cost. Fig:1.9: Nikes latest SAP IT Solution to manage supply chain functionalities Nike owns a system Futures wherein the retailers place orders 3-6 months in advance which does assist in demand and forecast planning. But the scenario is different for it Football Team Sports (FTS) category which constitutes 10% of its overall market. Its FTS line comprises about 100 varied styles and it uses a unique fabric Dri-Fit that absorbs sweat. Usually sports team places the order, expects delivery in a weeks time, demands more customized options and hence prestocked items doesnt hold good for all customers. The challenge for FTS apparel lies in its supply chain. Nike has to seek ways to reduce current lead time like modifying demand planning/ forecast system, shifting production base from Asia to Europe and preordering undyed fabric called greige and contracts with strategic suppliers/manufacturers can result in faster delivery even amidst last minute orders. (Nike:Just Do it But How? 2009) Evans and Danks model : Fig 1.10: Evans-Danks Model Source: Evans and Danks (1998) Strategic supply chain management Creating shareholder value by aligning supply chain strategy with business strategy. In: Gattorna, (ed.): Strategic supply chain alignment, Hampshire: Gower, pp. 18-38 Sourcing Strategy : Global Commodity Chain (GCC) perspective provides greater insights on design, distribution and marketing activities. Nike has captured a greater place in US athletic footwear market albeit its manufacturing activities are held overseas, formulating Nike to be archetype of global sourcing strategy. Its successful execution of sourcing strategy can be best known in Nikes effort to retain its power and authority over its highly profitable nodes of the footwear commodity chain which offers them the strategic and geographical mobility. Nikes distribution network was broadened by forming strategic alliance with retail outlets. It shifted its manufacturing base from high cost production countries to low cost countries like Taiwan, South Korea, Asia etc. The merits of producing goods in developing nations have to be weighed against the demerits of other costs like sourcing, production flexibility, transportation and storage. Nike took advantage of global sourcing as a way to reduce cost and in 1980s relocated its plants to Taiwan, South Korea and in 1990s to China, Indonesia and Vietnam. In 2006,over a half a million workers were engaged in 700 factories in 51 countries, although the firm had around 23000 employees in its payroll.(Lechner and Boli 2004). The efficient management of sourcing strategy obtained Nike to manufacture goods as low cost and thereby its market share and profitability increased. Nikes Futures system is order and planning system which serves to resolve inventory and financial bottlenecks. Nike had more flexibility options like modifying design specifications by dealers which offered competitive advantage over its competitors like Adidas. Donaghu and Barff categorised and identified 3 sets of Nikes factories developed partners, volume producers and developing sources. Developed partners are Nikes first/upper tire suppliers who are accountable for innovative and stylish/premier models. Volume Producers produce products in large quantities but selected products. Developing sources are recent factories that have enticed Nike due to low labor cost. Various steps are involved in making a atheletic shoe designing, model and pattern making, molding of soles, material cutting, stitching, lasting, finishing, final inspection and packaging which requires little skill. Hence unskilled workforce and lower wage rate are quintessential in manufacturing shoes competitively. Nike did not own a factory in Asia but had contracts with partners who manufacture apparels and footwear. Nike took the ownership of the products only after they are finished and delivered from factories. Fig 1.11: Members within Nikes Supply Chain Process Fig 1.12: Nike Brand Factories across globe Source: Nike website Demand Flow Strategy: Nike uses Futures Order system to manage its supply with demand. Nike sells its product through various channels Nike owned stores, online, independent distributors and licensees. Nike doesnt own a factory but outsources its manufacturing activities to subcontrators across globe. Nikes manufacturers deploys Just-in-Time principles to manage inventories. Supply Chain Integration Strategy: Information integration, Decision integration, Financial integration, Operational integration and Physical or Virtual links are the key factors of Supply chain integration. Nike uses SAP software solutions to manage its supply chain processes. Nike never manufactures but establishes contracts with subcontractors across globe. Since 1972, Sojitz Corporation of America (Sojitz America), a large Japanese trading company has been offering financial assistance in exports-imports of Nikes products. It offered purchasing and financing services for Nikes goods in Argentina, Uruguay, Canada, Chile, Brazil, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, South Africa, China, Korea, and Thailand, excluding products produced and sold in the same country. (Nike 10K Report, 2010) . Any disruption/failure from it would affect Nikes power to buy goods from suppliers and to sell goods to customers. FishBone Diagram: Fig 1.13: FishBone Diagram for Nike Time Compression: Time is a critical factor in todays supply chain. Time compression can be defined as reducing the amount of time taken for a process in a business operation ie inputs is being transformed to expected/desired outputs in a process but in a compressed period of time. To achieve time compression for the holistic supply chain, activities that does not add value to the process should be identified which is achieved by removing waste and refocusing on the process steps. The horizontal and vertical structure which forms the basis of supply chain must be properly integrated. The structural and infrastructural linkages in a supply chain depicts how efficiently resources, inventory are utilized. (Beesley 1996) Few generic principles to identify and understand supply chain process: The end users in a supply chain are customers who demand speed and adhere to delivery. Nike customers demand variety in products ranges and hence Nike strives to manufactures wide range of products but maintains a minimal stock so as to accommodate many varieties. Customers are not willing to pay extra cash for speedy delivery because similar services are offered by its competitors also. Many firms are just order qualifiers and not order winners. The call for JIT inventory can be satisfied by maintaining correct proportion of stocks in stores. Positioning of resources and inventory also plays a vital role in maintaining a optimal supply chain. Burbidge and Forrester states that the effect of demand variation in a supply chain oscillates out of control and impacts the lower level of supply chain. Fig 1.14: Internet Driven Supply Chain Model Wireless Technology and RFID are used by Nike at a minimum level. Efforts are taken to widely utilize it across its factories. The usage of RFID however raised some privacy concerns and hence Nike is striving hard to resolve such issues and trying to make use of the technology in the best possible way. Globalisation does impact Nike and offers many challenges. Global sourcing and reduced tariffs in developing countries have created complicated webs in supply chain. Infrastructures in developing economies are not well developed and hence it requires partnerships with 3PL providers who possesses better knowledge on market and in few cases Nike has to build its distribution centres. Periodically detailed research has to be done to understand infrastructure issues. Consumer expectation varies in different countries. One size fits all rule doesnt apply anymore. Customization plays a vital role in acquiring customer satisfaction. Product proliferation challenges can be tackled by being more responsive and quick in addressing the needs of the end users. Nike needs to adapt lean and agile manufacturing programs based on their volume-variety formulae. Retailing customers demand for shorter lead times and faster inventory turns and they make attempts to push the products upstream. As a reciprocative action, Nike offers out-of-stock and replenishment programs but should strive to improvise/speed-up time to market and reduce lead times. Conflict exists between cost and flexibility. Manufacturing lead time is longer due to technical complexity associated with fabrics and products require complex innovation which ultimately results in cost of time and delays. Supply Chain Integration Issues and Recommendations for Nike The key thing to focus is to understand the nature of the demand for the products in supply chain. Functional products are those products that fulfil minimum needs, dont alter to a large extent over time, possesses stable and expected demand and lengthy life cycles. Innovative products are expected to have short life cycle and unpredictable demand. Innovative products supply chain differs from functional products supply chain. Two types of supply chain are Physically efficient supply chain and Market Responsive supply chain. The below table shows the attributes of two supply chain. To develop an ideal supply chain strategy, the nature of demand for products is plotted against their respective supply chain. The 2*2 matrix thus depicts if the existing supply chain matches the right demand for the products. The supply chain strategies are perfect if the functional products possess efficient supply chain and innovative products possesses responsive supply chain. Physically Efficient Process Market Responsive Process Primary Purpose Supply predictable, demand efficiently at the lowest possible cost. Respond quickly to unpredictable demand inorder to minimize stockouts, markdowns and obsolete inventory Manufacturing focus Maintain high average utilization rate Deploy excess buffer capacity Inventory strategy Generate high turns and minimize inventory throughout the supply chain Deploy significant buffer stocks of parts or finished goods. Lead Time focus Shorten lead time as long as it doesnt increase cost Invest aggressively to reduce lead time Approach to choosing suppliers Select primarily for cost and quality Select primarily for speed, flexibility and quality Product design strategy Maximize performance and minimize cost Use modular design inorder to postpone product differentiation as long as possible. Table 1.1: Attributes of Physically efficient and Responsive Supply Chain Source: Fisher,M.L., What is the Right Supply Chain for your Product? A simple framework can help you figure out the answer Functional Products Innovative Products Efficient Supply Chain Match Nikes atheletic shoes and casual shoes, sports equipment, apparels and accessories. Mismatch Nikes shoes for diabetic patients, Zoom Air shoes for athletes, high technology sports equipment. Responsive Supply Chain Mismatch Match Table1.2: Nikes product and supply chain positioning matrix Nike should take efforts to shift from upper right hand cell to lower right hand cell. This can be achieved by making few of the products functional and developing a responsive supply chain for the rest of the innovative products. Nike can handle unceratinty by three ways reducing leadtime and becoming agile such that products are produced only when there is market demand; searching for new information that act as indicators and sharing a common platform and components for varied products and demand becoming predictable; hedging against outstanding ambiguity with buffers of inventory (Fisher ) Arcs of Integration: Ragatz et al (1997) claims that the effective integration of suppliers into product value/supply chains will be a key factor for some manufacturers in achieving the improvements necessary to remain competitive.The two types of integration are : delivery integration or forward integration which involves the flow of material between suppliers, manufacturers and customers (Saunders 1997, Trent and Monczka 1998) and Information integration or backward integration that include the effective functioning of IT and flow of data between customers and suppliers (Martin 1992, Trent and Monczka 1998). Tan et al (1998) state that when firms integrate and act as single unit, overall performance is improved across the supply chain. Manufacturers should decide in which direction (customers or towards suppliers) and to which extent (degree of integration), they should undertake upstream and downstream integration. Fig1.15: Integration in the Supply Chain Source: Frohlich, M.T., Westbrook, R., 2001., Arcs of Integration: an international study of supply chain strategies. Journal of Operations Management, 185-200 Fig1.16: Nike striving to move towards outward facing Arc of Integration Source: Frohlich, M.T., Westbrook, R., 2001., Arcs of Integration: an international study of supply chain strategies. Journal of Operations Management, 185-200 C2C Cycle: Fig 1.16: Nikes 5 year trend of Operation Cycle Source: Thomson One Banker Agility is defined as a capability to meet demands of end users and to warrant that supply matches the demand. The key factor is flexibility and time to market in response to demand is crucial. Transforming the supply chain from make-to-sell to make-to-order is the desire of any organization that wants to gain competitive advantage via supply chain management. Nikes objective is centralization and it is achieved by information sharing through the effective implementation of IT. Nikes claims its lead time is 6 months due to technical complexity associated with producing fabrics and products. In this competitive world, 6 months is a wide gap for any rival to gain access competitive advantage. Nike should adopt following ways to reduce lead time gap. Postponement Strategy: Postponement or delayed configuration is a way of manufacturing products in common platforms, components or modules but the final assembly or customization does not happen until the final market destination and or customer requirement is known (Christopher 2000). Inventory levels can be maintained at a generic level which results in lower stock keeping variants and flexibility it offers in greater. Forecasting is easier at basic level than for a final product. Customizing a product locally means more variety at less cost which paves way for mass customization. Through Localization, postponement strategy is fully achieved which implies that the final product is finished in the local region. The hurdle for efficient SCM is to build lean strategies till the decoupling point and agile strategies further than that point (Christopher 2000). Decoupling point is the point at which demand diffuse through the supply chain. The flow of product upto the decoupling point should be forecast driven and the flow of product after the decoupling point should be demand driven (Christopher 2000). The two decoupling points are material decoupling point where inventory is stocked as its basic form and it should continue as far downstream as likely ; information decoupling point which should be available as far upstream as likely to which data about demand diffuses. Nike should seek ways to handle the two decoupling points thereby becoming more agile than competitors and reducing Bullwhip or Forrester effect. In most of the processes it is the lead time of the suppliers that restricts the firm to be more agile to customers demand. Order to Delivery Cycle: Order cycle time is defined as the time consumed from placement of order by customers to delivery of the product to them. The components of order to delvery cycle are order communication, order entry and processing, order picking or production, transportation, customer receiving. Each of these steps consumes time and any bottlenecks associated with any of the processes would result in increased cycle time. Optimum Production Technology categorizes any activity as bottleneck and non-bottleneck. Nike should focus on bottlenecks to which capacity can be reduced and set-up times can be reduced. The firm should also focus on non-bottlenecks in a similar fashion. SCOR and DCOR model: Supply Chain Operations Research Model is used to analyse the current position of the organizations business processes and functions. It possesses a set of metrics to be evaluated and can be compared with the benchmark data. Design channel Operations Research Model links business processes and functions, metrics, good practices and technology attributes into a single unified model to support communication within design chain partners and to improve the effectiveness of extended supply chain. Sustainability: Nike has taken steps towards sustainable business and the need of the hour is to take proactive steps by focusing on sustainable manufacturing, sustainable product development and developing a sustainable marketplace. Nike should take efforts to identify closed loop models and processes which would enhance sustainability across supply chain. Nike must follow an integrated approach in tackling supply chain by fusing lean, energy, water, waste and compliance teams into one model: sustainable manufacturing and sourcing. Sustainability is the path to forthcoming profitability. (Nike Corporate Responsibility Report 2009 ) Nike deals with many contractors and hence Nike should seek long term sourcing consolidation strategy and rationalize its supply chain functionalities. Nike has to take steps to build a sustainable base , align with strategic manufacturers who are able to deliver high end products and are highly innovative, building relationships with contractors willing to adhere to Nikes corporate responsibility. Fig 1.17: Nikes Supply Chain towards Sustainability Source: Nike Corporate Responsibility Report Environmental Impacts: Waste is produced at every step of supply chain. In FY2006, Nike conducted waste mapping study and discovered that 75% of waste is generated from supply chain activities outside factories and when measured by weight, about 40% of the purchased materials end up as waste. One-third of waste footprint is generated from retail packaging and from shipping packaging. Nike operates 5 waste management centres in 4 countries and about 50 products are transported to material vendors so as to recycle them to materials from which Nike repurchases. Nike should focus to utilize more waste effectively to sustainable uses. The firm should seek ways to reduce waste in design stage rather than seeking ways to reduce waste in downstream supply which would decrease costs and waste materials being generated. Fig 1.18: Percentage of Waste generated across Nikes supply Chain Process Source: Nike Corporate Responsibility Report Fig 1.19: Nikes Reuse-a-Shoe Program Source: Nike Corporate Responsibility Report Fig 1.20: Greenhouse gas emissions across various supply chain process of Nike Source: Nike Corporate Responsibility Report Supply Chain Mapping Tools: Various supply chain mapping functionalities are available which can be utilized by Nike to determine its current position and future growth prospects. Demand Density Mapping: Sales Territory Mapping: Gross Margin Map: Customer/DC Allocation Map: Isochrone Mapping: Centre of gravity mapping: Table 1.3: Supply Chain Mapping Tools Source: Types of Supply Chain Map, 2007. Nike should manage the business process links based on its objective such as product variety, improvising quality, lowering cost across supply chain. Number of links should be monitored and managed with great care any decision to change links should be well analysed before incorporating amendments. Owing to high variability in customers expectations, Nike should focus more on demand management to gain a sustainable competitive position in the volatile market. Nike can utilize Point-Of-Sale (POS) systems and key customer data to effectively manage demand and supply thereby lowering uncertainty and offering smooth flow across supply chain. Order fulfilment activities should be given high priority and customer needs should be satisfied greatly which requires proper integration with Nikes manufacturers, distributors and logistics providers. Nike should seek to partner with fourth party logistic providers depending on the marketplace and other benefits. Innovation is the lifeblood of Nike to stay competitive and hence new product development process needs high attention. Nikes should identify end users articulated and unarticulated needs; identify strategic suppliers and forms efficient links for a smooth supply chain. Nike should leap forward towards Joint planning and control approach so as to effectively operationalize its functions globally. Nike has failed to monitor its contractors factories who have employed underage kids and havent adhered to minimum wage rates. Owing to this, Nikes brand names have been associated with child labour and Nike has to face loads of labour rights issues which defamed its brand. Nike has been really doing well in managing its supply chain integration. However if it maps and analyzes every bit of linkages across the chain and takes corrective actions, it can gain a well established position in the market and thereby reducing the cost by a large amount. Conclusion: The mapping of SCM process results in understanding the existing issues and paves way for defining solutions. Identifying the critical members of the supply chain, kind of functionalities to be connected and what nature/degree of integration is necessary for each link are key factors that require deep insight. The goal of SCM is to create the highest possible value not only for the specific firm but across the supply chain including end-consumers. Aligning the product supply with their appropriate supply chain is also vital for increasing sales. Amplification caused by uncertainty can be reduced

The Signs and Effects of Autism Essay -- Autism Autistic Disorders Ess

The Signs and Effects of Autism Autism is a rare disease that has been noticed for centuries. The purest form of autism (high IQ and almost normal behavior yet still self-contained) occurs in about â€Å"one in 2,000 people†. When the many other forms of autism are added in, the ratio is â€Å"one in 750†. Autism is found in every race, ethnic group, nation, and social standing, although â€Å"males outnumber females by four or five times† (â€Å"Autistic Disorder† – 2). Autism is a broad range of disorders that stretch from mild to severe. There are many theories on the cause of autism, but no definite solution. Because of the broadness of the disease, there are many types and categories. The effects of autism are frustrating, and hard to live with. Since the causes remain unknown, there are no specific treatments that can cure autism. The first signs of autism are shown within the first three years of life. As an infant, parents will notice that the child is distant and does not respond to many things. The baby usually doesn’t develop any bonds with his/her mother or caretaker. When parents go to pick up an autistic child, he/she will seem rigid, limp, and will not do normal things like reach out for the parent. Another symptom is little to no eye contact. As with autism at any age, the child is obsessed with sameness and routines. For example, a child will want to eat the same foods every day at the same time. Inanimate objects also fascinate autistic children, though they do not use them as they are intended. They will play with a single toy for hours at a time. Autism was once thought to be the result of cold and distant parents. If the mother disliked or did not want the baby, it was thought that the baby knew this and would enclose itself in its own world. That theory has now been disproven and ma ny scientists now believe autism is caused by -1- genetics and/or illnesses. There are many stated genetic and biological causes but none seem unique to autism. Likewise, no specific gene has been targeted to cause autism. New evidence reveals that â€Å"the serotonin-transpoter gene† (Rapin, Isabelle – 101) may be related to the cause of this disease. Complications in birth are also taken into consideration. â€Å"Prenatal factors are intrauterine rubella, tuberous selerosis, chromosomal abnormalities, and brain abnormalities. Perinatal factors have little to no ... ...â€Å"Autistic Disorder† – 4). Another way of helping an autistic individual have a somewhat successful adult life is to develop his/her communication skills by age five. With the knowledge of communication he/she will likely improve. Yet, most will still need some sort of help from one or more adults. In conclusion, the broad range of disorders, known as autism, can’t be cured, but they can be helped in many ways. Many autistic people receive help from family and relatives. In an autistic person’s life, all he/she needs is love and understanding. -4- Although they may seem mentally challenged, many are very bright. Many have a higher IQ then what is usual. Autism can be a devastating disorder but to the affected individual, it is his/her normal world. BIBLIOGRAPHY â€Å"Autistic Disorder† McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. CD-ROM. 1998 ed. Campbell, Robert. The Enigma of the Mind. New York: Time-Life Books. 1976 Rapin, Isabelle. â€Å"Autism.† The New England Journal of Medicine 10 July 1997: 97 Wing, John. Reasoning About Madness. New York: Oxford University Press. 1987. Wing, Lorna. â€Å"The Autistic Spectrum.† The Lancet 13 July 1997: 1761-66.

Margaret Mead :: essays research papers

Margaret Mead (1901-1978) Margaret Mead was born on Monday, December 16, 1901, at the West Park Hospital in Philadelphia, P.A. Margaret was the first baby to be born in this hospital, and because of this, she felt different from the rest of the children, because they had all been born at home. Margaret’s parents were from the midwest, and because of their professions, the family moved quite a bit living in such places as Hampton, New Jersey; Greenwich Village in New York City, and St. Marks Square in Philadelphia. Because she moved so much as a child, Margaret had been subjected to many different styles of living, and therefore had a growing desire to learn more about different lifestyles and cultures. Margaret’s first major experience was going to school. Margaret often felt out of place because of moving so much and being in many different schools, and often being taught at home by her grandmother. However, it was in high school that she met and later became engaged to a man by the name of Luther Cressman. After attending many high schools because of her family’s travel, she graduated, and was sent to DePauw University at Greencastle Indiana in 1919, where her intention was to major in English. Unfortunately, Margaret was looked down on in DePauw, so she transferred to Barnard College where she studied with Franz Boas and his student Ruth Benedict. It was also at Barnard College that she decided to make anthropology her main field of study. She received her B.A. degree from Barnard in 1923. In September of that same year, Margaret was married to Luther in a small Episcopal Church where she had been baptized. She then continued her studies as a graduate student, and in 1924 she received her M.A. degree in Psychology from Columbia University. In 1925, she completed her doctoral thesis, but did not receive her Ph.D from Columbia until 1929. Also in 1925, she began her first field work project, in the Samoan Islands. On her return to the United States in 1926, Margaret was appointed assistant curator of ethnology at the American Museum of Natural History. Her second field work, to the Manus Tribe of the Admiralty Islands in the West Pacific Ocean, was made possible by a Social Science Research Council Fellowship in 1928 and continued into 1929. In 1930, Dr. Mead was began her third field trip, this time to study an American Indian tribe which she calls'; the antlers'; in her book reporting her findings and conclusions. Margaret Mead :: essays research papers Margaret Mead (1901-1978) Margaret Mead was born on Monday, December 16, 1901, at the West Park Hospital in Philadelphia, P.A. Margaret was the first baby to be born in this hospital, and because of this, she felt different from the rest of the children, because they had all been born at home. Margaret’s parents were from the midwest, and because of their professions, the family moved quite a bit living in such places as Hampton, New Jersey; Greenwich Village in New York City, and St. Marks Square in Philadelphia. Because she moved so much as a child, Margaret had been subjected to many different styles of living, and therefore had a growing desire to learn more about different lifestyles and cultures. Margaret’s first major experience was going to school. Margaret often felt out of place because of moving so much and being in many different schools, and often being taught at home by her grandmother. However, it was in high school that she met and later became engaged to a man by the name of Luther Cressman. After attending many high schools because of her family’s travel, she graduated, and was sent to DePauw University at Greencastle Indiana in 1919, where her intention was to major in English. Unfortunately, Margaret was looked down on in DePauw, so she transferred to Barnard College where she studied with Franz Boas and his student Ruth Benedict. It was also at Barnard College that she decided to make anthropology her main field of study. She received her B.A. degree from Barnard in 1923. In September of that same year, Margaret was married to Luther in a small Episcopal Church where she had been baptized. She then continued her studies as a graduate student, and in 1924 she received her M.A. degree in Psychology from Columbia University. In 1925, she completed her doctoral thesis, but did not receive her Ph.D from Columbia until 1929. Also in 1925, she began her first field work project, in the Samoan Islands. On her return to the United States in 1926, Margaret was appointed assistant curator of ethnology at the American Museum of Natural History. Her second field work, to the Manus Tribe of the Admiralty Islands in the West Pacific Ocean, was made possible by a Social Science Research Council Fellowship in 1928 and continued into 1929. In 1930, Dr. Mead was began her third field trip, this time to study an American Indian tribe which she calls'; the antlers'; in her book reporting her findings and conclusions.

Budgeting Issues :: essays papers

Budgeting Issues Music programs have a history of getting pushed aside in favor of subjects considered to be more academically valuable. From the 1970’s onward, music and arts have been routinely cut from school budgets. Until recently, New York City lacked almost any arts education program, and the Los Angeles school district had one specialty arts teacher per 4,700 students (Coeyman, 1998). According to the California Department of Education, the percentage of children who have access to music education has declined by half over the past five years (American). In addition, California schools are considering removing any music requirement for graduation (American). There are two main reasons for these cuts: money and test scores (Moran, 2004). In the wake of the No Child Left Behind Act, music education has been yet again squeezed from school budgets and schedules. With pressure mounting to raise reading and math scores, school administrators have added more reading and math classes th at leave little opportunity for elective courses like music (Moran, 2004). Music teacher employment has been decreased to the point that in Seattle, eleven teachers teach all of the elementary music classes in the district’s seventy schools (de Barros, 2004). No Child Left Behind Though No Child Left Behind is intended to improve the education system of the United States, interpretations of the act have lead to cuts in music education programs across the nation. While No Child Left Behind is a good idea in theory, in practice it has yet to work. The focus of funding has turned from what is good for students to what will help raise test scores. Paul Young, former president of the National Association of Elementary School Principals, commented on the trend among his colleagues to shrink funding for music education. As stated in a press release, â€Å"Music education helps a student learn ‘how to think,’ and without it schools are only ‘creating kids who are able to pass tests’† (Andrews, 2003). He is further quoted as saying, "When you take the arts away, particularly music, you're messing with a community's identity. Those principals out there who don't understand that and are only focusing on test scores are making a mis take" (Andrews, 2003). Secretary of Education Rod Paige echoes Young’s sentiments: â€Å"No Child Left Behind included the arts as a core academic subject because of their importance to a child’s education† (2004).

Successful Completion Of Compulsory Education Education Essay

IntroductionSuccessful completion of mandatory instruction provides the school departers with chances either to foster their instruction or to come in into full clip employment. The degrees at which these pupils pass reflect a great trade non merely on their single public presentation but besides that of the schools that work competitively difficult for good public presentation on the national conference tabular arraies. Whereas successful post-16 patterned advance is of import for the pupils, the pick of which path they should take is every bit of import. Through debut of co-curricular and work related larning programmes to schools, the authorities has ever made proviso for the school departers to be good prepared for either the universe of work or patterned advance to further or higher instruction after their compulsory instruction, irrespective of their capablenesss or societal backgrounds ( Thomas 2001:2 ) . Cropley ( 1978 ) suggested that society in general demands that the scho ol system should ease the scholar with full and satisfactory personal growing and increased ego realization, in that success of immature people in instruction attainments besides has a great bearing towards the society ‘s future economic prosperity ( Thomas 2001:21 ) . This survey will research the chances available for the post-16 patterned advance and look into the inhibiting barriers that cause some immature people to be neither in employment nor in instruction and preparation ( NEET ) in malice of the authorities ‘s reforms to the system, as stated in the undermentioned infusion from appendix 1: â€Å" Reducing the proportion of 16- to 18-year-olds non in instruction, employment or preparation ( NEET ) is a precedence for the Government. Bing NEET between the ages of 16-18 is a major forecaster of ulterior unemployment, low income, teenage maternity, depression and hapless physical wellness. No individual bureau holds all the keys to cut downing NEET ; LAs, schools, the Learning and Skills Council, young person support services and employers all have cardinal functions to play. † DcsfStatement of PurposeThe intent of this survey is to turn to the research inquiry â€Å" What are the chances and the challenges faced in the procedure of patterned advance to the Post Compulsory Education? † A literature hunt will be done to research the programmes on offer, the chances they provide and the challenges faced by the pupils in the procedure of patterned advance to farther instruction establishments. This will take to a find of the degree of success in footings of enga gement and aid to place any barriers that cause some immature people to be excluded from these programmes stoping up non in employment or instruction and preparation ( NEET ) . The survey will besides reexamine some of the paperss produced by authorities backed scholarly commissions assigned with the duty of reforming instruction programmes, to set up grounds why it was found necessary to widen chances for farther instruction and what impact it has had on the pupil population in England. Such paperss will include among others studies by the Nuffield Review committee ( 2005-2006 ) , the Dearing study and the Tomlinson Report ( 2004 ) .Research inquiriesThis survey is based on one cardinal inquiry: â€Å" What are the chances and challenges in the procedure of patterned advance to the Post Compulsory Education in England? † This inquiry will be addressed by interrupting it down into two research inquiries:What are the post-compulsory instruction programmes on offer in England?W hat are the inhibiting factors faced by pupils in the procedure of post-16 patterned advance?Significance of the surveyThis research is intended to increase the consciousness and apprehension of the significance of the station compulsory educational programmes to the post-16 pupils and their parents. A survey of the procedure of patterned advance to the post-compulsory educational programmes is intended to place issues that pose as challenges or suppressing factors to the immature people and suggest possible ways to enable more engagement, taking to decreased Numberss of those non in employment of instruction and preparation ( NEET ) . It is besides hoped that such cognition will profit all stakeholders within the system towards improved collaborative engagement and bringing of services. This survey will prosecute pupils in a study where questionnaires will be used to pull out textual informations from the take parting respondents, which will be chiefly the pupils. The chief Centre of survey will be the take parting colleges subject to blessing by the appropriate ethical commission, and permission from the college disposal. Through a particular agreement with the disposal a subdivision of parents to the take parting pupils will be accessed to seek their sentiment on the post-compulsory instruction programmes available for their kids.Focus of the surveyThe research inquiry â€Å" What are the chances and challenges in the procedure of patterned advance to the Post Compulsory Education in England? † is a far making study inquiry and undoubtedly surpasses the range of this survey. For practicality of the survey nevertheless a particular focal point will be made on two farther colleges within Berkshire, a county with legion farther instruction colleges with more holding been built in the recent yesteryear. The probe will take on a general attack to the research inquiry in the position of placing what motivates the pupils and what they find to be barriers in the post-16 patterned advance. It is with the apprehension that schools play a prima function in finding the hereafter of students through academic attainments every bit good as through the school ethos as the chief beginning of inspiration for the scholar ( Thomas 2001 ) .In an effort to turn to the research inquiry, the survey will concentrate on the undermentioned elements:To set up the principle for the post-16 programmes available to pupils in England. Explore the standards for registration in the post-16 programmes, and its inducements Factors that both influence and suppress the post-16 patterned advance procedure, impacting determinations for or against engagement.Aim of the surveyThe chief aim of this survey will be to research options and place challenges that are faced in the procedure of patterned advance to further and higher instruction in England, and how these have engaged scholars. Recommendations from this survey will be made to take parting schools for effectual execution of such positions as will be collected from pupils and some of their parents. It is hoped that the survey will excite and lend to the preparation of in-depth research into similar programmes in some of the states in the underdeveloped universe, where instruction for all is on top of the political docket as one of the millenary development ends ( MDG 2015 ) .A reappraisal of the literature turn toing the survey inquiriesWhat are the post-compulsory instruction programmes on offer in England?Career counsel and reding sing their post-16 patterned advance paths is made available to the pupils in their concluding twelvemonth of compulsory instruction through Connexions direct, a agency dedicated to the service and advice of immature people ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.connexions-direct.com/index.cfm? pid=351 ) . A timetable for the whole twelvemonth is made available to the pupils to help them in be aftering the events that will finally take to their determinations on which path they will take ( see appendix2 ) . After finishing their compulsory instruction, immature people can take to go on in full clip school or articulation college, do an apprenticeship or acquire straight into employment, sooner with preparation ( Dcsf ) . For those aged between 16 and 17 there is what is known as ‘September Guarantee ‘ which is an agreement that guarantees the pick of those interested to stay in school or go on into college: â€Å" the ‘September Guarantee ‘ agencies that they will decidedly be able to go on learningaˆÂ ¦Everyone between 16 and 17 due to go forth instruction is guaranteed an offer of a topographic point on an appropriate courseA – and information, advice and counsel to assist weigh up their options. † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/14To19/OptionsAt16/DG_10013574 ) Options runing from ‘A ‘ degrees to work related makings are available for the post-16 patterned advance. Presently selected schools and colleges do offer the 14-19 twelvemonth old sheepskin ( ibid. ) which is one of the latest add-ons to the instruction reforms. Whichever path immature people choose to take the advice given to them is â€Å" it pays to maintain acquisition as more and more, employers are looking for people with higher degree accomplishments and makings † ( Dcsf ) . The authorities acknowledges that makings are non a warrant for occupations although it encourages immature people to take part in the available chances as they will stand a better opportunity for both their societal and economic prosperity in a competitory economic universe.What are the inhibiting factors faced by pupils in the procedure of post-16 patterned advance?Having seen the broad scope of chances available to immature people after their mandatory instruction with all the option s and free counsel available through Connexions Direct, this inquiry will now turn to ways in which the construction of the post-16 instruction system inhibits and bounds engagement in farther survey by some pupils. Whereas schools are meant to assist find the future engagement of pupils in post-16 instruction, Thomas ( 2001 ) classifies possible barriers to the system to include those ironically created by the compulsory instruction system. One of these classs is making and accomplishment and the 2nd 1 is attitudes towards larning, page 73. Whereas pupils ‘ failure to accomplish a lower limit class has frequently been a cause for many lost chances to come on to post -16 instruction, it must be born in head that even where success is registered, it is most of import to cognize what impact the school has had on their perceptual experience as scholars. Whether acquisition was gratifying or excessively hard will be seen in the manner they respond to the post-16 chances. The attitude formed about school and acquisition contributes a great trade to the students ‘ self-efficacy ( Bandura1997 ) and formation of their self image. It is hence in the involvement of the stakeholders within the instruction system, chiefly the instructors, pupils and their parents that the school environment provides the scholar with experiences that contribute to the image they have of themselves ( ibid ) . Pring et Al ( 2009 ) suggest that as surveies in educational attainment and societal mobility indicate, the function which schools play in altering lives can be limited in a sense that ‘family background continues to be a major determiner ‘ ( Coffey, 2001:68, 69 ) , and that public presentation in schools is mostly influenced by the societal category background. Sing societal category, Pring et Al ( 2009 ) had this to state: ‘aˆÂ ¦the more disadvantaged the societal category background, the lower the degree of educational attainment that is likely to be achievedaˆÂ ¦ Furthermore, immature people from less advantaged category backgrounds are less likely to take up chances available to them to come on through the educational system even where they are sufficiently qualified to do the progression' Pring et Al ( 2009:32 ) It is beyond the range of this survey to discourse the relationship between societal exclusion and response to post-16 educational programmes it can be stated harmonizing to earlier surveies that ‘social category influences school accomplishment and this in portion impedes or enhances patterned advance into post-compulsory instruction ‘ ( Thomas,2001:74 )MethodologyCohen et Al, ( 2007 ) refer to methods as ‘instruments of roll uping and construing informations ( page 83 ) ; whilst methodological analysis is the agencies which gives a descriptive attack and sort of paradigm to the survey ( page 47 ) . Educational research methods include interviews, questionnaires, and observations, among others. The determination as to which instrument is most suited for informations aggregation in this survey will depend chiefly on the ‘methodology ‘ or the nature of this research. The nature of this survey is both fact-finding and descriptive, that is it sets out to lo ok into and depict chances and barriers presented by the procedure of patterned advance to the post-compulsory instruction system. As asserted by Best, ( 1970 ) , this research is concerned with conditions or relationships regulating 16 twelvemonth olds as they enter post-compulsory instruction stage. With this background hence this research worker will utilize the questionnaires to roll up and construe the positions of both pupils and their parents ongoing post-16 educational programmes available to them in the participating colleges. The survey will look at pupils as persons but the information collected will be interpreted in footings of the representative community.The study research methodThis method is most appropriate for this survey as it intends to find present educational conditions in a non-experimental manner, Hartas ( 2010 ) . The information will be collected in a non randomised manner by usage of questionnaires to be completed at will by take parting pupils. The metho d will give textual informations sing chances, challenges and/or barriers that are present in the passage from the compulsory to post-compulsory instruction. The principle for usage of this method is dependent on the premise that the respondent ‘s positions and sentiments agree with their actions and it is hope that they will reply these inquiries truthfully. It is besides possible that non all respondents may be able to give their honest positions due to personal failings such as the usage of linguistic communication, or due to a deficiency of self-efficacy. Another premise asserted by Hartas ( 2010 ) is that the sample constitutes a homogeneous group of respondents with comparable instances where they all interpret the inquiries in similar ways without which the responses may non be dependable. Cohen, et Al ( 2007 ) assert that studies can take on the nature of either longitudinal, transverse sectional or tendency surveies. Longitudinal surveies are used to roll up informations over an drawn-out period of clip and are applicable to such surveies as relate do developing phenomena. Harmonizing to Ruspini, ( 2002:24 ) , they enable research workers to analyze the continuance of societal phenomena foregrounding similarities, differences and alterations over clip in regard of one or more variables or participants, place long term effects and explain alterations in footings of stable features such as sex or a variable characteristic such as income, ( Cohen, et al 2007:212 ) . Because this survey will be confined within a fixed and limited timeframe it renders this type of study out of the inquiry. On the other manus a ‘Cross Sectional ‘ survey is one that produces a descriptive image of a population at a peculiar point in clip, as in the instance of carry oning a nose count. In instruction, cross sectional surveies involve indirect steps of the nature and rate of alterations in the physical and rational development of samples of kids drawn from representative age degrees. Harmonizing to Cohen, et Al, ( 2007:213 ) , the individual ‘snapshot ‘ or the representative image of the cross sectional survey provides the research worker with informations for either retrospective or prospective question. The 3rd type of study, the ‘Trend survey ‘ , focuses on factors instead than people, where these factors are studied within a specific timeframe ( Borg & A ; Gall 1989:422 ) . This survey peculiar will take on a ‘Trend Study ‘ nature of an enquiry where two sets of 10 pupils each will be interviewed from two different farther instruction colleges to function as a representative sample for intents of this survey. Following is a description of the educational methods which will be used efficaciously in the aggregation of informations for intents of this research.QuestionnairesUsing the written questionnaire, the pupils will be approached in a more or less personal manner as it works as a replacement for the personal interviews ( Cohen and Manion, 1998 ) . In add-on to turn toing the survey inquiries, these questionnaires will besides be used to roll up informations on issues that are of concern to pupils in the current system of instruction, and solicit for any suggestions they might wish to be included in the recommendations ensuing from the survey. Sing its efficiency for this nature of informations aggregation, Borg & A ; Gall, ( 1989: 426 ) asserts that this method is really instrumental when the research worker needs to rapidly and easy acquire tonss of information from people in a non baleful manner, hence the determination for it to be used in this survey.Policy Documentary ReviewPolicy Documentary Review as a research method is done by analyzing and reexamining policies and their application. Using this method the research worker will analyze some of the paperss produced by assorted committees assigned with the duty to reform instruction of 14-19 twelvemonth olds. Documents to be reviewed in this survey will include the Tomlinson study and the Nuffield committee study, which were made as recommendations to the authorities ‘s section of instruction ( DCSF ) in the old government.How the textual information will be analysedHow the information is traveling to be analysedRationale for the Selection of Participating CollegesPopulation harmonizing to Hartas, ( 2010:67 ) is a group of persons or administrations that portion the same feature that is of involvement to a survey, in this instance the pupils in the procedure of post-16 patterned advance throughout England. Such a figure will evidently be inexplicable in a survey of this size nevertheless, a ‘repr esentative sample ‘ in this instance as defined by Hartas ( 2010 ) will be the pupils selected from the two colleges of farther instruction within Berkshire. The procedure of choosing this sample is really of import as it is pertinent to the cogency of this research, and it will be explored further in the chapter on methodological analysis. Nevertheless the cardinal factors that need to be mentioned here include what judgement will be based on viz. , the sample size, representativeness of the parametric quantities of the sample, handiness to the sample and the trying scheme to be used ( Cohen, et Al. 2007:100 ) .Bibliography:Bell, J ( 2006 ) Making Your Research Undertaking: A Guide for first clip research workers in instruction, wellness and societal scientific discipline 4th erectile dysfunction. ; .Maidenhead: Open University Press Borg, W.R. & A ; Gall. M D. ( 1989 ) Educational Research: An Introduction 5th. Ed. London: Longman Blaikie, N. ( 2000 ) . Planing Social Research: The logic of expectancy. Cambridge: A Polity Press Bryman, A. ( 2008 ) Social Research Methods, 3rd. erectile dysfunction. Oxford: Oxford University Press Coffey, A ( 2001 ) Education and Social Change ; Buckingham: The Open University Press Corbetta, P. ( 2003 ) SOCILA RESEARCH: theory, Methods and Techniques. London: Sage Publications Cohen, L. & A ; Manion, L. ( 2007 ) Research Methods in Education 6th erectile dysfunction. London: Routledge. Creswell, J.W. ( 2008 ) Educational Research: Planning Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research.3rd.ed. Pearson Education International Creswell, J.W. ( 2009 ) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Los Angeles: Sage Publications. Cropley, A. J. ( 1978 ) Lifelong Education: a psychological analysis ; Oxford: Pergamon Press. Dcsf ( 2009 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/14To19/OptionsAt16/DG_10013574 Department for Education and Skills ( DfES ) ( 2002 ) Transforming youth work: Resourcing excellent young person services. London: DfES / Connexions. Dewey, John, ( 1997 ) ; Democracy and Education: An Introduction to the Doctrine of Education. New York: the Free Press. Flude, M. ( 1989 ) , School, work and equality: a reader. London: Hodder and Stoughton in association with the Open University. Fraenkel, J.R. & A ; Wallen, N.E. ( 2006 ) How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education 6th. Ed. London: McGrawHill Geertz, ( 1973 ) The reading of Cultures, New York: Basic Books. Gerwitz, S & A ; Cribb, A. ( 2009 ) Understanding instruction: a sociological position Cambridge: A Polity Press Graham-Brown, S. ( 1996 ) Education in the Developing World: Conflict and crisis. London: Longman Hartas, D. ( 2010 ) Educational Research and Inquiry: Qualitative and Quantitative attacks. London: Continuum Hodgson, A. et Al ( 2009 ) Education for All: The Future of Education and Training for the 14-16 twelvemonth olds. London: Routledge Leonor, M. D. ( 1985 ) Unemployment, Schooling, and Training in Developing Countries ; London: CROOM HELM Lichtman, M. ( 2006 ) Qualitative Research: A User ‘s Guide. London: Sage Publications. Liz, T ( 2001 ) Widening engagement in Post-Compulsory Education ; London: Continuum. Pring, R et Al ( 2009 ) Education for all: The Future of Education and Training for 14-19 twelvemonth olds ; London: Routledge. Pring, R ( 2009 ) ‘The demand to develop a deeper national argument ‘ Nuffield Review 14-19 Education and Training workshop, England and Wales, accessed from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.philosophy-of-education.org/pdfs/Saturday/Pring % 20workshop.pdf The Tomlinson Report: 14-19 ‘Curriculum and Qualifications Reform, ‘ accessed from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.heacademy.ac.uk/assets/ps/documents/briefing_papers/ps0007_the_tomlinson_report_14_19_curriculum_and_qualifications_reform_feb_2005.pdf Thomas, L. ( 2001 ) Widening Engagement in Post Compulsory Education ; London: Continuum Tight, M. ( 1996 ) KEY CONCEPTS IN ADULT EDUCATION AND TRAINING London: Routledge. Tomlinson, M ( 2004 ) ‘ 14-19 ‘Curriculum and Qualifications Reform: a concluding Report of the Working Group on 14-19 Reform, October 2004 ‘ , www.14-19 reform.gov.uk, accessed from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dcsf.gov.uk/14-19/documents/Final % 20Report.pdf Walford, G. ( 1987 ) DOING SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION ; London: The Falmer Press Watson, K. ( 1983 ) Youth Education and Employment: International Perspectives. London: CROOM HELM